Evolution Lab free essay sample

Did the construction of the phylogenetic tree based on the 14 living Caminalcules change the way you would group Caminalcules species in your taxonomic classification (chart)? What does this suggest about classification based on strictly of similarity versus evolutionary relationship? The phylogenetic tree was more of an evolutionary tree. It showed the evolution of the organisms and their ancestors or traits that they branched off of. The chart however just simply organizes and separates the organisms in similarity. The tree did not change the chart, the chart see similarities with structures between the modern day organisms and the tree shows their evolutionary linage. The tree reflected our taxonomic classification. 2. Did your phylogenetic tree based on the 14 living Caminalcules differ from the phylogenetic tree based all Caminalcules, both living and fossil? Which do you have more confidence in? What do fossils add to our understanding of Caminalcules evolution in terms of rates and direction of evolutionary change? The two trees were fairly different. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is due to the more amount of information that was provided via the fossils. The tree with all the caminialcules clearly showed when a characteristic dies off and a characteristic moves on. We are more confident in the tree with both living and fossil because it allowed us to see where the traits of the organisms died off or moved on. The fossils showed us that when a key trait stays in an organism it lets us to predict the direction of the evolutionary change when looking at modern day organisms. 3. Identify the most recent ancestor of any two species. (e. g. pecies 5 is the most recent ancestor of species 2 and species 4) species 75 is the most recent ancestor of species 4 and 3 4. You will notice that some lineages branched many times and are represented by many living species. Provide an example from your phylogenic tree of this rapid diversification. Species 43 branched off to 8 different modern day species. 5. Some lineages (e. g. the descendants of species 58) changed very little over time. A good example of this would be â€Å"living fossils† like the horseshoe crab or cockroach. Provide an example from your phylogenic tree of evolutionary stasis. Discuss the ecological conditions that might result in this sort of long-term evolutionary stasis. An example of evolutionary stability would be species 13, the species survived more than 13 million years and now is a â€Å"living fossil†. The ability for the species to reproduce and survive in an area means a there is no need for the species to evolve. Unchanging ecological conditions results in this long term stasis. 6. Some Caminalcules went extinct without leaving descendents. In the real world, what characteristic of a species (not of their enivornment) might increase the probability of a species going extinct? The ecological conditions might have changed quickly and the species was not able to adapt to those conditions, which eventually lead the species to go extinct. 7. Find two examples of convergent evolution among the Caminalcules. This means finding cases where two or more species have a similar characteristic that evolved independently in each lineage. The wings of bats, birds and bees is an example of convergence since the three groups did not inherit the characteristic from their common ancestor. Write your answers in complete sentences (e. g. Species x and y both have   but their most recent common ancestor, z, did not†). The claws of species 3 and 12 (their most recent common ancestor, species 46, did not have claws) The wings of 61 and 51 and of 19 and 20. 8. Describe two examples of vestigial structures that you can find among the Caminalcules. These are structures that have been reduced to the point that they are virtually useless. Ear muscles and the tail bones are ex amples of vestigial structures in humans. Explain how vestigial structures provide clues about a species? evolutionary past. Illustrate your argument with vestigial structures found in humans or other real species. The reduced tail of species 3 and the reduced number of digit or finger of species 35 and 66. Vestigial structures provide a lot of clues, since it is a trait that has been carried on for generations, it can be linked back to their ancestors when looking at fossils. A human vestigial structure can be the 6th finger, which is a dominant trait, but due to natural selection it is rarely seen. The male nipple is another example of a virtually useless organ or structure.

Coffee Importation into the United States

Coffee Importation into the United States Introduction A large percentage of coffee that is grown in the world is in developing countries while majority of the consumers of this coffee reside in developed countries. Most coffee importers import the coffee in form of unroasted caffeinated coffee, unroasted decaffeinated coffee, roasted caffeinated coffee and roasted decaffeinated coffee.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Coffee Importation into the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United States has one of the highest populations of coffee drinkers in the world. Over 65% of Americans, which accounts for more than a hundred and fifty million Americans, consume coffee as a beverage (Coyle, 1982). Competitive situation in Importing Country Almost all the coffee that is consumed in the United States has its origins in Brazil. Other coffee importers into the United States include; Vietnam, Latin America, East Africa and Asian countries. As an i mporter, the United States forms one of the largest importers of coffee in the world. Canada follows closely then Europe and some Middle East countries. Coffees from different regions of the world have different aromas, flavors, acidity and body. The coffee that meets the best and highest standards that have been set by international bureau of standards get the highest prices. In the year 2009 alone, Brazil exported coffee worth $756 to the US and $72.7 to Canada (Office of the Federal Register, 2011). Other major exporters of coffee to the United States include Latin America and Colombia. Statistics show that Canada and Europe were among the countries that imported the highest amount of coffee in the year 2009. While the United States imported over 1200 tons of coffee, Canada imported approximately 300 tons. This is a very large amount given that the population of Canada is lower in comparison to that of the United States. It is very important for the importing countries and the co mpanies in charge of the importation to ensure that they perform appropriate product mix functions and strategize according to the available market so that they get the best possible quality, quantity and pay the best prices that are reasonable to the importers and still considerate and fair to the producers so that they also continue producing the coffee. The price, product, place and promotion of coffee are conducted in various ways by the different coffee importers (Johnson Bade, 2011). Competitors in Importing Domestic Producers of coffee Canadian and United States coffee importers have the advantage that coffee from Brazil is not taxed. Therefore, Brazil coffee importers can benefit because they do not have to pay import duty for their coffee. This also offers the importers an opportunity to offer competitive prices to the coffee producers and encourage them to produce large quantities of high quality coffee (Ukers, 1935).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different coffee importing countries have come up with tactics of securing high quality coffee and quantities that they need. International coffee importers have coffee fair trade bodies and organizations that aim to dialogue with coffee farmers or coffee farmers’ representatives. The main objective of this dialogue is to ensure that both the exporters and importers feel that their concerns are addressed and respected. A large percentage of the coffee exporters also want to feel that the importers are transparent and that they get the best possible prices for their coffee (Stower, 2011). Although most coffee farmers target maximum profits, not all of them get the fair prices that they demand from the importers. Therefore, there is competition to get the highest paying importers for the coffee farmers. To remain competitive, most United States coffee importers target the dir ect involvement with coffee farmers and they try to exclude middleman who might lead to reduction of profit margins that the coffee producers get for their coffee (Hinkleman, Nolan Manley, 2003). Marketing Activities Competitive Situation The shorter the chain from producer to the importer who processes and markets the product, the better for both parties in terms of business relationships formation and likelihood of getting profits. The disadvantage with the fair trade is that farmers have to pay membership and renewing fees which places prohibitory measures on some farmers that might have small quantities of coffee to provide but might even exceed expected coffee quality expectations. Therefore, some importers target small size coffee farmers located in concentrated regions and ask them to form associations through which they can increase their coffee quantity and increase their chances of having issues that they might have addressed by importers such as higher and prompt paymen ts for their produce (Johnson Bade, 2011). Government Regulations and Tariffs in Importing Country Luckily for Brazil which is the largest coffee importer to the United States, coffee importers do not have to pay import duty to get the product into the country. Trade Regulations and balance of Payment The balance of payment between Brazil and the United States either creates a deficit or a surplus. By the end of the year 2010, the balance of payment to Brazil was $47364730697.53. Although this seems like a high figure, Brazil is one of the most prosperous countries in Latin America. Payments made for coffee imports were a major contribution to the reduction of the balance of payment (Johnson Bade, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Coffee Importation into the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shows that coffee is a great contributor to the Gross Domestic Product in Brazil. The import of coffee in the United States can be considered to be conducted in a friendly manner. The United States has a high number of coffee consumers and therefore, needs to create and maintain good relations with the importing nations such as Brazil. It is a requirement that all the coffee that is imported into the United States meets certain specified quality standards. The importer should not leave all the details of the packaging to the importer. Instead, he or she should ensure that the products have been well packaged and that they arrive into the US in good condition. Importers should try and chose the most convenient and cost effective methods that are available for them to bring the products into the US (Hinkleman Manley, 2003). The US Customs and Border Protection (2012) declaration form 6059B requires that importers declare that they are importing agricultural products from another country even though coffee from countries such as Brazil has been allowed into the country. Non decl aration of such coffee might result in heavy fines and confiscation of the coffee or any other imported products. Foreign exchange and Trade regulation policy Coffee is classified as a food product hence; it has to meet the quality standards that are required by the health body. The products have to be labeled on the content, nutritional value and expiry date of the products. Prior notices also have to be filed with the Food and Drug Administration. No limits are imposed on the amount of coffee that can be imported into the United States. Import duty on coffee has been removed for all coffee that gets into the United States creating a point of benefit for coffee importers for Brazilian and other countries that import coffee into the United States (Hinkelman, Manley Nolan, 2003). Foreign exchange for Brazil and other countries that import coffee into the United States, Canada and Europe earn a high foreign exchange because of the value of the dollar in relation to most of these deve loping countries. Trade with other countries especially import of products like coffee into the United States helps in the forging of good relationships between countries which helps to promote peace. Most leaders usually realize that it is important to create and maintain a good atmosphere whereby, they can conduct business with other countries that are of benefit to them. Importers of coffee into the United States should also be ready to provide the necessary conditions to get a trade license so that they can import coffee (Coyle, 1982).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Licenses and Importing Documents Not just anyone can import coffee as licenses are necessary before the paper work for importing products such as coffee into the United States can be approved. It is only when one has the trade licenses and provides the necessary documents such as import details that one can actually be able to fully take advantage of the free import duty for the coffee importation. Coffee importers from duty exempt countries like Brazil can claim the duty free terms by showing on the importation form that the country from where the coffee has been imported is exempt by entering letter E to the tariff column as a prefix. Evidence of the origin is usually required by personnel at the port in form of invoices or shipping papers (Banks, 1999). All the right documentation should be presented to the government agents at the border entry points before coffee can be allowed into the country such as the type of coffee that is presented for importation for example the type of coffee beans; Robusta or Arabica, the entry of origin, the quantity of the coffee and valid documents from the food drug and administration organization to show that an applications was made and approved US authorities before entry of coffee into the United states (Stowell, 1989). Conclusion The paper has looked at the major competition for coffee importation from developing countries. The major competition for importation of coffee into the United States of America happens to be Canada. Even though Europe has many individuals, most of these individuals prefer tea to coffee thus lowering the position of Europe in being a highly ranked position country in the importation of coffee from growing developing nations. In order to remain competitive in the importation of coffee, majority of the importing countries have been found to use several tactics so as to attract high quality and large quantities of coffee such as formation of coffee trade Fairs whereby, member coffee producers can have their issues such as high and prompt payment being made to their coffee supply to the developed nations. Reference Banks, M. (1999). The World Encyclopedia of Coffee. London: Arness Publishing Limited. Coyle, L. (1982). World Encyclopedia of Food. New Yolk, NY: Facts of Life Publishers. Hinkelman, G. E., Manley, M. Nolan, J.L. (2003). Importers manual. New York, NY: World Trade Press. Johnson, K. Bade M. (2011). The Coffee Book Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop. New York, NY: Bazaar Books. Stowell, A. M. (1989). Importing into the United States: A Guide for Commerical Importers. New York, NY: Books for Business. Ukers, W. (1935). All About Coffee, Second Edition, The Tea Coffee Trade Journal Company.

Analysis of Earth Hour's Branding Campaigns Essay

Analysis of Earth Hour's Branding Campaigns - Essay Example However, the purpose of this campaign and its analysis is to give present detailed report and a clear conclusion comparing it with the mere recommendation administered from the Earth Hours efforts. WWFs global Initiative – Earth Hour 2014 – is making waves as far as its campaign mission is taken into account. The worldwide fight to bring issues to light about environmental change is in its sixth year in the nation and will be commended tomorrow, March 29. The message of Earth Hour 2014 is to do the switch to renewable vitality. This incorporates the parts and obligations regarding people, associations and the legislature. While the past supporters have incorporated any semblance of Sachin Tendulkar, Abhishek Bachchan, Amir Khan, Vidya Balan and Ajay Devgn, in the not so distant future Arjun Kapoor have been at large in support of this campaign. Alongside Kapoor, a group of territorial stars including Mir (Kolkata), Anirudh (Chennai), Tilak (Bengaluru) and Ram Charan (Hyderabad) have been making great ideas well known in distinctive districts to propel the campaign worldwide (Gorn, 2013). Highlighting his sponsorship for Earth Hour, Arjun Kapoor, tending to the media in Mumbai, states that he is respected to be some piece of such a correlated cause as Earth Hour – a crusade against environmental change that has the backing of a large number of individuals universally. His companionship with Earth Hour he believed that will accumulate him close contact with one of the nations principal protection associations that has been steadily battling against the unfavorable effect of environmental. The worlds heading sexual prosperity-brand has brought out a short film on how engineering, as opposed to bringing individuals close, has prompted expanding division. The understanding they dealt with has been focused around information that demonstrated that 12 for every penny individuals have addressed their telephones throughout sex, and Twitter clients are

Investigating the impact of Information Technology on a career or Term Paper

Investigating the impact of Information Technology on a career or profession of Healthcare - Term Paper Example Requirement for researchers to facilitate practitioners recognize how information technology can advance hospitals’ productivity is evident. As people are becoming more and more aged, population is becoming a challenge in social and economic sector worldwide. In the United States, people with age over 65 are expected to hit 70 million by 2030. This figure is doubled as compared to 35 million in 2000. Health care in the context of Information technology has become an obsession globally. These increments are been observer globally. The old aged people having diseases, requiring constant monitoring and medication and need to visit the hospitals and clinics on a regular basis. If the disease is identified at the initial stage by health monitoring techniques, the quality of life will be improved and many lives can be saved. At the same time, investigating the disease can reduce the cost and resources which are utilized for the treatment of a patient. The cost related to health care is also an emerging problem (Durresi et al. 211-218). For example, expenditures in the United States will grow to 15.9% for the health care from the GDP of $2.6 trillion by 2010 ("Keynote "). The Research and education along with the clinical practice is the key element facilitating the healthcare realm. The use of online screening tools can be accessed from the Internet is increasing. People are keener to find information regarding health and diseases from the Internet instead of visiting the doctor, which is a long and time consuming process (Koivunen et al. 1141-1150). The usability of computers systems is always an issue. The staff is not motivational to use computing devices installed in hospitals and medical resources. The research on the individual factors on health care staff’s computer use in psychiatric hospitals was conducted by (Koivunen et al. 1141-1150). The aim of the study was to examine the individual factors of

2012 Chrysler 200, Dodge Journey, Dodge Avenger See Prices Drop Article

2012 Chrysler 200, Dodge Journey, Dodge Avenger See Prices Drop - Article Example In case of Dodge Journey, the sales price has been dropped significantly i.e. by $1,450. The primarily reason for such significant prince changes is due to compete with market leaders in midsize automobile manufactures like Suzuki, Ford, Kia etc. Chrysler has given more focus on its Dodge Journey as it is believed that with reduced price ($20,995), it has become one of the most affordable midsize vehicles in comparison to competitors’ products like â€Å"Kia Sorento ($21,250) and Mazda CX-7 ($21,990)† (Bird, 2011). This article mainly addresses Chrysler’s strategy pricing strategy for 2012 in order to combat the intensified the competition from the market leaders in midsize SUV segment. However, the prime focus of this article is on the new price ranges of midsize vehicles with value addition features offered by Chrysler. Chrysler has planned to compete with the key rivals with its three major models including Chrysler 200, Chrysler 200 Convertible, Dodge Avenger and Dodge Journey. Moreover, the article also indirectly addresses the key rivals of Chrysler and the market leaders in midsize vehicles. Considering the major area of this article, the prime objective is to offer the market signal by Chrysler to the market. Marketing signal by Chrysler may be an effective to generate the high demand for its automobile products for the coming year. The article has also offered brief descriptions of products that signify positive market indication for future. Moreover, through this article, competitors of Chrysler also get a market signal regarding the motives and intensions of Chrysler for beating its rivals (Porter, 1998, p.75). The automobile company has turned into a global industry where players from different industries are trying to in capture the prevailing market opportunities. The competition in automobile industry has been constantly changing with time. In the regard, thee major aspects are market structure,

Critical Analysis of the Criminal Justice System

Critical Analysis of the Criminal Justice System The purpose of this paper is to discuss the two types of ethics, absolute and relative. Noble cause corruption, challenges faced by administrators, managers and supervisors, unaccepted behaviors in policing, standards of conduct in the courts and ethical situations in corrections. In summary, I will discuss how each of these ethical considerations affects the management of organizational policy and implementation of justice programs. Types of Ethics Character and ethical conduct, for criminal justice personnel, means that they would never betray their oath of office, their public trust, or their badge (Peak, 2010, p.335). Police officers, judges and lawyers have a moral obligation to be honorable and trustworthy. The publics expectations of these personnel ought to not be compromised; they are held at a higher level of morality and should uphold this disposition regardless of the situation. Ethics involves doing what is right or correct and is generally used to refer to how people should behave in a professional capacity (Peak, 2010, p.337) There are two types of ethics police deal with on a daily basis, how they react to these ethical dilemmas determine the level of integrity and or morality of the officer. Absolute ethics is two-sided, good or bad, black or white (Peak, 2010, p.338). For example, if someone stops at a stop sign, this is the right thing to do. Not stopping at the stop sign is the wrong thing to do. A relative ethic is relative depending on the persons perception of the situation such as a person running a red light, was the light yellow as the car approached the light as it turned red or was the light red before the car proceeded. These examples are quite simple to everyday citizens but a police officer making a decision on a relative issue, it is the difference between issuing a citation or not. Communities make exceptions when it comes to relative et hics. Officers may be allowed perform illegal traffic stings to prevent speeders in residential areas or hassle juveniles hanging on street corners late at night to prevent drug trafficking. The prevention of crime and protection of the community justify these unethical behaviors. Noble cause corruption Noble cause corruptions leads to ineffective policing by breaking the rules either intentionally or unintentionally to cover a mistake or a purposeful act against a citizen. This act of carelessness is a detriment to a person who is unaware of how the situation will affect them in the long run, such as an accusation of speeding which could lead to a hefty citation or suspension of a drivers license or the illegal search of a vehicle that produces something incriminating eventually leading to a conviction and jail time for the accused. The mentality that the bad outweighs the good in an effort to make an arrest contributes to a corrupt justice system. During the OJ Simpson trial, Detective Mark Fuhrman discovered bloody gloves and other DNA evidence that could have easily implicated Mr. Simpson in the murders of his ex-wife and friend. Mark Fuhrman, the prosecutors key witness, committed perjury when he testified under oath that he had never used the N word, but the defense revealed a taped interview of Fuhrman bragging about the abuse of gang members and using the N word, casting doubt about his credibility. Although there was substantial evidence in the case, OJ Simpson was later found not guilty (Curtis, 2008, p.22). Challenges faced by Administrators, Managers, and Supervisors Administrators, middle managers and supervisors are faced with the dilemma of ensuring that their officers are not violating the exact laws they are governed to oversee. Some officers deal with day to day issues which supervisors are unaware of or directly involved in. This means if a law is violated, and not reported, the officer gets away with it. If the supervisor is aware the officer has committed a violation, the action should not be pushed under the rug, he or she should not be given a slap on the wrist or worse case scenario; not address the indiscretion at all. Supervisors have various leadership styles and address situations in different ways; their attitude dictates the dynamics of the departments professionalism and behavior (Schafer Martinelli, 2008)p. 306. It could become organizationally accepted and give the impression to other officers that it is okay to break the rules without the fear of consequences and quite possibly lead to corruption within the department, as i n the case of the infamous Rampart division of the LAPD. The Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) anti-gang program was initiated under the direction of LAPD Chief Daryl F. Gates in the late 1970s, the program had encountered some success in the Rampart Division. The success turned to failure when between the years 1998-2000, it was discovered that extreme police misconduct was committed among Ramparts CRASH squad with Officer Rafael Perez at the helm of the investigation making it one of the most widespread cases of documented police misconduct in United States history. Fellow officers were aware of the incident but failed to report any of indiscretions for the fear of retaliation and possibly death. The convicted offenses included unprovoked shootings, unprovoked beatings, planting of evidence, framing of suspects, stealing and dealing narcotics, bank robbery, perjury, and covering up evidence of these activities (Cannon, 2000, pp.5-9). Ethics in Policing Accepted and Deviant Lying Slippery slope is the acceptance of unethical or illegal behavior on behalf of the officer. A term that can best be described as riding the fence. Police officers are aware of the ethical responsibilities that come with wearing the uniform and badge. Accepted lying involves the by any means necessary motto, do whatever it takes to get an arrest or conviction. Deviant lying include illegal acts such as planting evidence, withholding evidence, illegal search and seizures and lying under oath. Deception is a behavior committed by officers without forethought. Police interrogations lead to deviant lying by deceiving a suspect with fake evidence or proof of witnesses to a crime they may have not committed. In order to receive a confession, detectives may interrogate a suspect for numerous hours, withholding food or water, and any other form of intimidation (Peak, 2010, pp.340-341). Gratuities A behavior that could lead to corruption is acceptance of gratuities. Some police departmental polices do not allow officers to receive gifts. There is a gray area when it comes to accepting gifts that can range from discounts, free or half priced meals to free donuts because these gifts seem to be insignificant. The model of circumstantial corruptibility proposed by Withrow and Dailey basically states that givers and receivers determine the level of corruptibility, if a gift or free meal is given voluntarily there is no violation of acceptance (Peak, 2010, p.342), however if the freebie is an expectation of the receiver as a form of payment from the proprietors for their safety or protection (Ruiz Bono, 2004, p.49), this action is a violation. Others believe accepting discounts, free meals or other gratuities are not a violation of a particular departments policy but it allows the officer to build confidence and trust within the community. Inevitably the acceptance of insignificant gifts leads to the slippery slope of engaging in bigger issues such as bribery and extortion (Coleman, 2004, p.33). Greed and Temptation Greed and Temptation evolve from the slippery slope brought on by the acceptance of gratuities. A police officer may start with offenses of greed such as recovering small items from the property department that were never claimed or items left behind by suspects fleeing police during foot chases. In my opinion, temptation and greed is not a behavior that transpires from the lack of money, poor working conditions, or intentional deceptiveness but the justification stems from the opinion that seizure of the items are perks that come with wearing the uniform and the absence of the individuals morals and lack of integrity. Once the line has been crossed, the officer may find it hard to revert back from. In some cases, the officer does not recognize succumbing to temptation because it has become second nature. Training, Supervision and Values Prior to a prospective candidates acceptance into the police academy, extensive background checks and assessment tests are used to evaluate their character, judgment and critical thinking skills. After completion of the academy, new recruits are trained by more experienced officers who play the role as mentors. Supervisors are unable to be involved in every aspect of the mentoring process, the hope is that the supervisor is an active participant within his department or division and is aware of the best person to assign with a new recruit. Unfortunately there are more officers than supervisors, hence the need for other officers to function in the capacity of a training and mentor (Peak, 2010, p.345). If the mentoring officer has a corrupt mentality exposing the unethical and negative side of police work, the recruit may have a misconception of the attitudes and expectations of being a police officer with integrity. The corruption could possibly work as an advantage, allowing the new recruit to realize the route not to take and to maintain the core values instilled from the training academy. Ethics in the Courts The Judge The Code of Judicial Conducts purpose is to prevent the judge from being an active participant in actions that will allow him to act in an unprofessional manner questioning his ability to perform his duties and responsibilities without prejudice (Gray, 2005, p.35). Judges are held at a higher standard than any other official within the court system, therefore their loyalty and integrity are expectations from the general public (Peak, 2010, p.347). Unfortunately as in the case of police officers, some judges believe they are above the law, expecting preferential treatment because of their position. The thought of being investigated or convicted of any misconduct would be preposterous in their eyes (Peak, 2010, p.347). Once a judge gets comfortable with the thought of escaping the law, the thought process could easily carry into the courtroom. A federal judge in Texas appointed by President Bush in 1990 was convicted of sexual misconduct of two female court employees and sentenced to 3 years in prison (Casselman, 2009, p.A.4). In 2006, one hundred and thirty five judges were disciplined in a public forum for ethical misconduct; some cases were severe enough to have the judge removed from office. Not all states allow public discipline to preserve the innocent until proven guilty stature on behalf of the judge, if he is proven innocent of the allegation he could face ridicule (Tembeckjian, 2007, p.419). Public confidence in the court system is important, if the public has no confidence in the system, they will not respect it and decide to carry out their own punishment as judge and jury. Lawyers for the Defense Defense lawyers are not held to such a high degree as judges but they must have morals and principles to be able to represent a defendant fairly. A defendant has the right to counsel and should have the confidence in knowing their counsel will treat them in a way in which they themselves would want to be treated, by sacrificing their own personal time, and tapping into resources that would be beneficial in the case against their client. Three attorneys from the state of Kentucky were working as foreclosure attorneys and represented clients referred by a particular foreclosure company, in exchange for their services the law firm grossed more than a quarter of a million dollars. The act of the business being referred by the foreclosure company versus the lawyers seeking the clients on their own was in violation of the Ohio Code of Professional Responsibility (Seidenberg, 2009, p.26). As recently as 2000, defense attorneys in the state of Florida have been the target of Federal Governme nt investigations. The investigations stemmed from the unsuccessful prosecution against drug cartels and kingpins. Several attorneys were charged with victim intimidation and money laundering resulting in convictions and jail time for their involvement in the acquittals of high profile and infamous clients (Carter, 2000, p.18). Prosecutors The prosecutor must be able to prove the defendant is guilty beyond all reasonable doubt but prosecutors have a tendency to be a bit pretentious and break the law for the sake of justice regardless the cost. Unfortunately innocent people are placed in a position of pleading guilty to crimes they did not commit as a result of misconduct. Misconduct by prosecutors is commonplace within the courtrooms, an effective tactic that works in their favor. It consists of destroying, altering or withholding evidence, intimidating defense witnesses to testify in exchange for lesser sentences, coaching witnesses for the prosecution to give statements that help their case against the defendant. Ultimately the defendant does not receive a fair trial and is wrongly convicted. Criminal convictions in recent years have been overturned because of misconduct by prosecutors in regards to scientific and exculpatory evidence. A prosecutor has the moral obligation to maintain a level of competence in the cou rtroom. If he has evidence the defendant did not commit the crime he is being convicted of, the prosecutor should bring for the information (Joy McMunigal, 2008, p.44). Unfortunately the appellate courts allow this type of behavior to continue which gives the prosecutor the freedom to do whatever he feels he can get away with in the courtroom (Peak, 2010, p.348). Other Court Employees Confidential employees have the responsibility to maintain ethical standards as well as attorneys and judges. Their positions within the court system allow them access to court records and they are often privy to information that can lead them to commit misconduct. Court clerks have sometimes been accused of simple offenses as fixing tickets and other favors for friends and relatives to severe cases of accepting bribes. Several other cases involving the unethical actions of employees include a building operations manager in Hennepin County, Minnesota charged with stealing over $16,000 from the state by claiming she worked more than 500 hours, a county jail nurse in the same state was charged with stealing drugs prescribed for inmates (Olson Duchshere, 2009). Ethics in Corrections The role of a Correctional Officer (CO) is to maintain discipline and order within the prison and involves direct contact with inmates on a daily basis. The stress level for a CO includes hostile actions towards the officer, danger, taunts, long working hours and menial pay in an unfulfilled environment (Peak, 2010, p.349). As in a police environment, the supervisor sets the tone for the standards of behavior among the officers and the climate of the correctional facility is predicated on the security level. Inmates housed in a maximum security facility are most likely to challenge an officer without any regard to the repercussions of their actions because they are possibly serving a life sentence; he feels he has nothing to lose. In 1990, data collected by the Department of Justice showed 185 assaults on federal correctional officers, 10,731 correctional facility officers were assaulted by inmates and by 1995, 14 staff members were killed as a result of assaults (Bierman, 2006, p.68 ). Correctional Officers are at a greater risk of injury because of weapons manufactured from everyday items within the prisons. COs have to take great precautions to protect themselves, these precautions include the use of force in an effect to gain control of a deviant inmate. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) established a code of ethics to reduce incidents of the use of force when using restraints or a stun gun to subdue an unruly inmate. The Use of Force and the Application of Restraints on Inmates statement gives specific guidelines as to how and when it should be implemented. Proper written documentation is required for legal purposes and each encounter is recorded to ensure this method was warranted. However, the use of force should be exercised as a last resort once other measures of control are proved to be unsuccessful (Falk, 1995, p.110). The harsh working conditions in prisons can cause correctional officers to inflict physical abuse on inmates violating the Eight Amendment-banning the use of cruel and unusual punishment. The abuse occurs in state and prisons as well as jails. The largest jail in the U.S., Cook County in Illinois, has been on a 25 year investigation from repeated reports of excessive abuse. Excessive abuse is not the only act committed by correctional officers. The issues of overcrowding with the lack of correctional officers allow officers to form a relationship of strong bonds vowing to protect each other, not berate an officer in the presence of inmates, and to trust the officers word over that of an inmate. That bond can be easily broken by officers who report indiscretions by referring to them as snitches. The expectation is that anything that goes on in the prison stays in the prison. Using inmates as a form of entertainment is one of the most degrading experiences for the inmate; provoking fig hts among rival gangs, allowing sexual, verbal, and physical abuse are several complaints reported by other officers. The Rikers Island prison in New York was under investigation for alleged extortion rings within its young adult division. This discovery was based on an inquiry into the death of a juvenile within the facility (Buettner, 2009, p. A.17). Some correctional officers resort to unethical behavior of turning a blind eye as in the case of the highest ranking official at a Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania prison. The officer was found guilty of allowing an inmate to run a drug-trafficking operation by using a cell phone from the confinements of his cell, all of the transactions for the operation took place during the officers night shift. After serving a 60 day suspension for his involvement, the officer was fired (Anonymous, 2009, pp.1-2). Summary Organizational policy is based on a standard of operating procedures determined by a collaboration of ideas, suggestions and processes to improve or implement the outcome of an organizations goals. Organizational structures were implemented within the criminal justice system to increase functionality. Based on this ideology, in order for the components to achieve their goals of becoming and remaining successful in organizational policy as well as implementing justice programs, each entity needs to recognize its pitfalls. Each component needs to establish mission statements and introduce education and training programs at all levels. Allow feedback and ongoing discussions when procedures have proven to be ineffective. The foundation was laid at the inception of the criminal justice system. Over the years, we have made revisions to keep up with our ever-changing society. Laws and prison sentences differ from state to state based on the need for harsher penalties in the prevention of cr ime. The Code of Judicial Conduct was established to introduce judges to judicial ethics within the courtroom and prevent them from being removed from office because of indiscretions. The Amendments were established to ensure citizens rights were not violated. The common denominator is ethics. Policies are unable to be administered if rules and regulations are violated by police, the court systems and corrections.

Corporate Valuation - Dandy Fashion Berhad :: Business Finance Stock Market

The value of public companies is determined by the stock market. The value of companies not publicly quoted will be greatly influenced by the same market. Therefore, we will focus on the main stock-market-related ratios. They are:  · Market Capitalization  · Share values, nominal, book, market  · Earnings Per Share (EPS)  · Dividends Per Share (DPS)  · Dividend Cover and Pay-Out Ratio  · Earnings Yield  · Dividend Yield  · Price To Earnings Ratio (PE)  · Market To Book Ratio Below is the balance sheet for Dandy Fashion Berhad: Dandy Fashion Berhad BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2006 ($000,000s) Assets Liabilities & Shareholder's Equity Long Investment $ $ Owners Funds $ $ Net Fixed Assets 440 Issued Capital 80 Investment 40 Capital Reserves 60 Revenue Reserves 220 360

Catch 22 By: Joseph Heller Essay

Catch 22 has many scenes of violence in it that helps to contribute to the meaning of the complete work. The first scene of violence that helps portray the complete meaning of the novel is Kid Sampson being cut in half by McWatt while flying his plane too low to the ground. The second scene of violence was when Yossarian broke Nately’s nose on Thanksgiving while some men were playing around with the machine gun. And finally the last example of violence in Catch 22 the help contributes to the meaning of the novel is Milo Minderbinder making a contract with the Germans to have him fire on his own unit to help the syndicate. These scenes give a good idea on how the violence of Catch 22 contributes to the meaning of the complete work of the novel and shows the importance of the violence to the novel. The first scene of violence that helps portray the meaning the novel Catch 22 is McWatt accidently killing Kid Sampson on the beach. McWatt was flying way too low to the ground like he does all of the time and flew over the beach. Then he went right at Kid Sampson and then sliced him to pieces with the blade of his ship. Kid Sampson was at the beach with everyone else and he was standing on a raft when he got hit by the plane. McWatt was on a training flight with two new pilots showing them how to fly when it happened. They parachuted out of the plane and he rode it into the side of a mountain. Everyone thought Doc Daneeka died in the plane accident becasue McWatt put Doc Daneeka name down for flight hours but he was really on the ground with everyone else. Yossarian warns him about flying so low but he still decides to fly low to the ground. Colonel Cathcart is so devastated about what happened he made the missions go up even more than it was before. This is how McWatt accidently ki lling Kid Sampson is important to the novel. The second scene of violence in Catch 22 is Yossarian breaking Nately’s nose on Thanksgiving when Nately tried to stop Yossarian from shooting the guys firing the machine gun at the base. Then Nately told his whore and she hated Yossarian for that. When Nately got killed in the disastrous crash on the La Spezia mission with Dobbs, Yossarian decides to go to Rome and tell her what happened to Nately. When he was there, she tired to kill and was throwing  stuff at him. Then she keeps following him around wherever he went. She was in the plane when it landed and she was at the base. Then she jumped out of a bush after he got out of the Colonel Cathcart and Colonel Korn office. They were discussing sending home Yossarian and about giving him a medal. But she stabbed him and he had to go to the hospital. This is why Yossarian breaking Nately’s nose on Thanksgiving was important to the story. The last major scene of violence in Catch 22 that was important to the novel had to do with Milo and the M &M Enterprises is in the business for finding the best deals and trading to make a profit for the syndicate. His only failure was buying Egyptian cotton was going to ruin his business because he can’t sell it. He made a deal with the Germans who by the way were the enemies of America in the war. The deal stated that he had to bomb his own outfit and many of his own men were hurt during this. Milo even decided it was best for him to tip off the Germans during a surprise attack by the Americans. But instead of getting punishes for shooting his own unit the public celebrates all of his profits he made. His explanation for playing for both sides was if it benefits the syndicate it benefits the men and it is worth taking a risk for. Then he decides he wants to fly more missions because he has only seven but Colonel Cathcart makes him agree to have the men fly his missions for him. This is the cause for more un needed deaths in the novel. This is how Milos bombing his own unite helps show how violent scenes are important to the novel. Throughout the novel Catch 22 there are many scenes of violence. These violent scenes help to contribute to t he meaning of the book. The first scene was when Yossarian broke Nately’s nose during the Thanksgiving celebration which causes Nately’s whore to hate him. The second scene of violence that contributed to the meaning of the book was when McWatt Killed Kid Sampson with his airplane. And finally the last scene was when Milo started shooting at his own unit after making a deal whit the Germans. This is how these scenes help to contribute to the whole meaning of Catch 22.

Experiment essays

Experiment essays Introduction: The purpose of this lab included a review of muscle types. Specifically there are three types of muscle types, smooth, skeletal and cardiac. In this lab we will be specifically focusing on skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles are made up of thousands of muscle fibers. These fibers are made of thick and thin filaments. The thick filaments are composed entirely of the protein myosin. The thin filaments are composed of actin. The thick filaments can be found in the middle of each sarcomere; entire array of thick and thin filaments between Z lines. The thin filaments are at the end of each sarcomere. The thin filaments are connected to an interconnecting proteins known as the Z line. The thick filaments are arranged in parallel arrangement producing dark bands known as A bands. The thin I band produces the light band. This variation of light band and dark band produce a striped look under a microscope and thus result in the muscle being called striated. The lab also focuses on the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by the nervous system. In a nutshell, skeletal muscle contraction begins with -95mv resting potential. Influx of sodium ions is caused by a stimulus and leads to depolarization and then an action potential is reached. Then the resting potential of the fiber is restored by an outflow of potassium ions. Also, we will be defining and understanding subthreshold, threshold, submaximal, maximal, supramaximal in regards to muscle twitching. Finally we will be demonstrating summation, tetanus and fatigue on the dissected muscle. Materials and Methods: The materials in this lab include the frog leg, transducer, Transbridge Amplifier, Harvard Stimulator, Wire. The methods for this experiment including the dissection, neural stimulation, direct stimulation, summation, tetanus, and the operation of the Harvard Stimulator can be found on page ...

To Kill A Mocking Bird Essays (895 words) - Literature, Fiction

To Kill A Mocking Bird Essays (895 words) - Literature, Fiction To Kill A Mocking Bird To Kill A Mockingbird Classic, a term one uses to describe many things, such as a defining moment or an object such as a book. When used in this context, such as describing a book, it persuades the reader to examine the novel further to discover what makes this piece of literature so memorable to people who have read it. One such novel is Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird. One may describe this novel as a classic because the messages described in the novel can be perceived on so many different levels that any reader, no matter the level, can observe these messages. The prime messages observed in this novel is that of racism, how the actions of a community, not just a parent, can affect a child, and how rumors and invalidated facts can destroy anyone's reputation. Racism is mentioned throughout the second part of the novel. It is the prime and most mentioned part of this section of the novel. This message is displayed on many levels so even the lowest level reader can visibly ask oneself why this is occurring. The easiest way to observe this may be the town's actions toward Tom Robinson, the negro on trial. The townspeople, for the most part, dismissed the entire trial on the basis on that it does not matter what Atticus can do, Mr. Robinson is automatically guilty. This message can also be seen in a severely symbolic manner, Tom Robinson's death. The manner in which he dies is that he escapes and attempts to climb the fence to freedom, however he only has one good arm and that is his detriment. It slows him up enough to allow the police to shoot him numerous times. Symbolically this can be viewed as a glimmer of hope to end this suppression. As this glimmer of hope is about to reach the mainstream and acceptance that racism is evil, it is shot down and dead, thus ending the opportunity. Mr. Robinson got into this position by the jury giving in a guilty verdict, despite numerous evidence to the contrary. The jury gave a racist verdict, showing Harper Lee's opinion of the evil a racist society can do to a minority. This verdict had repercussions not just to Mr. Robinson, but to the community. One can observe that this verdict influenced the town in a manner no one expected, it twisted the minds of many children. A popular saying is that the best laid plans of mice and men often go astray, this is what began to happen to the children of the town, best viewed when observing the Finch children. Despite Atticus' plans to raise children who do not have this type of hate within them, they have these feelings due to some community actions, Atticus' plan going astray. A prime example is Scout's answer to the question of the manner in which the prosecuting attorney addressed Mr. Robinson during his cross examination. Her answer was that he could do that because ...he's just a negro.(p. 199) This issue is not just the white community pressing an idea into someone's head. It can also happen in the black community. When Atticus Finch asks Calpurnia, his housekeeper, to watch his children for him while he is out, Calpurnia accepts and takes the children with her to church, a black church. When she arrives with the children they are all greeted with hospitality except for a few people. These people use the same argument as in the last example as to why they should not be there, because they are white. What both races have done is shun the other race, now what happens if a child is born with blood from both races. What happens is an isolated race that is exiled from both races because that child has blood from the other race. This evil act can be seen in the novel. The county practically exiles the children of Dolphus Raymond and his black spouse. It is done to the point that these children are forced to live in the non-racist north where they would not be looked down on as genetic freaks. After reading this, one would wonder of the community's reaction to Dolphus Raymond, whose committing a great sin by having children with a black woman. Well, the town does not look down on him, the town actually feels sorry for him. Why, because the town

Prepare an overview of the Banking Sector of INDIA. Mention your Essay

Prepare an overview of the Banking Sector of INDIA. Mention your sources - Essay Example This has led to competition and generated new level of expectations among the consumers. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of the country and it closely monitors the developments in the financial sector. The banking sector is dominated by Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) including 27 Public Sector Banks (PSBs), 31 Private, 42 Foreign and 196 Regional Rural Banks as of March 2002 (Research & Markets, 2009). In addition, there were 67 scheduled co-operative banks consisting of 51 scheduled urban co-operative banks and 16 scheduled state co-operative banks. State Bank of India (SBI) is the largest bank in India with a market share of 20 percent while ICICI is the second largest bank in India. The commercial banks include the former development financial institutions (DFI) such as the ICICI and the IDBI. The commercial banks have on their books very long-duration GOI securities with some banks holding as much as 45 percent in these securities (Mor, Chandrasekhar & Wahi, 2005). The GOI and the RBI together direct and govern the functioning of the banks (Ra vichandran, 2003). The initiatives or the stimulus package by the GOI has transformed the banking industry which reflects in the significant growth in the banking sector as studied by Dun & Bradstreet, an international research body. Taking into account all banks of India, as of 2009, there are 56,640 branches or offices, 893,356 employees and 27,088 ATMs (IBEF, 2009). Public sector banks dominate the industry comprising of 87.7 percent of all offices, 82% of staff and 60.3% of all ATMs. As on 2nd January 2009, the aggregate bank deposits stood at 21.2% while the ban credit touched 24% against 21.4% as on January 4, 2008. There has also been an increase in the total flow of resources from the banking sector to the commercial sector which stood at US$ 58.83 billion up to January 2, 2009. Credit expansion varies across bank groups.

Online Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Online Education - Research Paper Example From this research it is clear that the Internet and intranet hold enormous potential for the rapid dissemination of knowledge and information to a worldwide workforce when utilized correctly. However, online-based education comes with its merits and demerits. Online education comes to extensibility, accessibility and suitability. It means that users can proceed through a training program at their pace and place too. Considering they do not need to be in class at a given time of the day, students can access online training at anytime. Additionally, they can receive as much training as they want since the internet is rich in information. By not physically being available in class, the students will save time and costs of travelling to class every day. It will also give convenience to students since they attend classes in their own time.This paper discusses that online education provides collaborative and explanatory environment. It enables students to explore more with other students, through online forums, like Course Info's Discussion panel and talk, give communal areas to rely information. Additionally, online education is cheaper. It cuts on transport cost where the learner is required to travel to attend classes, the cost of buying teaching materials such as textbooks, chalkboards and acquisition of the physical learning environment. Some of the cost used in meeting requirements for online education may not exist in traditional education.